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This paper identifies the main ideological trends currently at work in the field of evaluation. It is based on the study of the direction policy and public action give to evaluations. It briefly describes their genesis and emphasizes the fact that innovation within evaluation measures is closely linked to constantly changing sociopolitical contexts, which in turn stimulate a constant effort to reformulate conceptions and evaluative approaches. This overview highlights the fact that the choice to endorse evaluations closely correlates with specific political purposes.