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This article deals with changes in defense procurement policies in Europe: contrary to theories emphasizing the sector’s sluggishness, focusing on policy instruments allows for an analysis of this policy’s institutional changes in a comparative perspective. Centered on policy instruments organized in three regulatory roles of the state (producer-shareholder, procurer, and legislator) in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, this contribution shows the national policies’ convergence toward an industrial liberal defense policy model. This model combines a policy objective of promoting national defense firms with a hybrid of market-oriented and protectionist policy instruments.